Influenza: signs, symptoms, treatment, complications of the influenza virus

Medically reviewed: 9, January 2024

Influenza symptoms, causes and treatment

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a highly contagious and acute viral illness that primarily targets the upper and lower respiratory system. This infectious disease is characterized by its rapid onset and is often accompanied by severe symptoms of intoxication, such as fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and fever. While influenza can affect individuals of all ages, it poses a greater threat to vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly and young children. Epidemics appear almost every year, usually in the fall, in the winter, and more than 15% of the population is affected.

Influenza is a group of acute respiratory viral infections – ARVI. The greatest infectious danger of a person with influenza is in the first 5-6 days from the onset of the disease. The transmission path is aerosol.

Typically, the disease does not persist for more than a week in terms of duration.

What is an influenza?

To prevent the spread of influenza, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as regularly washing hands with soap and water, or using hand sanitizers when soap is not available. Covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, preferably with a tissue or your elbow, can also help prevent the spread of the virus. Avoiding close contact with those who are sick and staying home if you are ill can further reduce the risk of transmission.

In winter and autumn, the increase in the incidence rate of this virus is explained by the fact that large groups of people are in closed premises for a long period of time. First, an outbreak of infection occurs among preschool and adult children, and then the disease is more often registered in the elderly.

The prevention of a flu epidemic relies heavily on the awareness and actions of individuals who are already sick. These individuals must take precautions to avoid crowded public places, where their coughing and sneezing could potentially infect a large number of people.

Types of the influenza virus

The flu is divided into:

• Type A (subtypes A1, A2). The cause of most epidemics is influenza type A, its varieties are numerous, it is capable of infecting both humans and animals (avian, swine flu, etc.), and is also capable of rapid genetic changes.
• Type B. Type B influenza viruses often do not cause epidemics and are much more easily tolerated than influenza type A.
• Type C. Occurs in isolated cases and occurs in mild or in general asymptomatic form.

Once in the cage, the virus begins to multiply actively, provoking an acute viral infection of a respiratory type called influenza. The disease is accompanied by fever, intoxication and other symptoms.

The flu virus is extremely variable. Every year, there are newly emerging strains of the virus that arise as subspecies, which our immune system has not encountered before, resulting in a difficulty to effectively combat them.That is why vaccines against influenza can not provide 100% protection – there is always the possibility of a new mutation of the virus.

Causes of influenza in children and adults

The flu causes a group of viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. There are three large genuses – A, B and C, which are divided into H and N serotypes, depending on which proteins are found on the surface of the virus, hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. There are 25 such subtypes, but 5 of them are found in humans, and one virus can contain both types of proteins of different subtypes.

The primary factor behind the occurrence of influenza is the invasion of a person’s body by a viral infection, followed by the subsequent dissemination of these microorganisms throughout the entire human system. The origin of this infection lies in an individual who is already afflicted by the flu, as they expel the virus into the surrounding environment through acts such as coughing, sneezing, and other similar actions.

Having an aerosol transfer mechanism (inhaling droplets of mucus, saliva), the flu spreads quite quickly – the patient presents a danger to others within a week, starting with the first hours of infection.

In each epidemic year, complications of influenza carry on average in a year from 2000 to 5000 people. They are mostly people over 60 years old and children. In 50% of cases the cause of death is complications from the cardiovascular system and in 25% of complications from the pulmonary system.

How is the flu transmitted?

Like all infectious diseases, the flu spreads from the source to the receptive organism. The source of influenza can typically be traced back to an individual who is infected with the virus, whether they exhibit noticeable symptoms or not. The most contagious period of the illness is generally within the initial six days of contraction. In terms of transmission, the influenza virus primarily spreads through aerosol means, meaning it can be transmitted through tiny airborne droplets. Isolation occurs with saliva and sputum (when coughing, sneezing, talking), which in the form of a fine aerosol spreads in the air and is inhaled by other people.

In certain scenarios, it is feasible to establish a means of transmitting infections within a household through contact with items such as dishes and toys.

Precisely it is not established, thanks to what protective mechanisms the reproduction of the virus stops and recovery comes. Usually, after 2-5 days, the virus ceases to be released into the environment, i.e. the sick person ceases to be dangerous.

The incubation period of influenza

The incubation period of the flu refers to the duration in which the virus undergoes multiplication within the human body. This period commences upon infection and persists until the initial symptoms become noticeable. Typically, the incubation period ranges from a minimum of 3-5 hours to a maximum of 3 days.

Most often it lasts 1-2 days.

The smaller the initial amount of virus that enters the body, the longer will be the interval of the incubation period of influenza. Also this time depends on the state of human immune defense.

First signs of influenza in children

The first signs of influenza are as follows:

• Body aches.
• Headache.
• Chills or fever.
• Trembling in the body.
• Pain in the eyes.
• Sweating.
• Unpleasant sensation in the mouth.
• Lethargy, apathy or irritability.

The main symptom of the disease is a sharp rise in body temperature to 38-40 degrees Celsius.

Symptoms of influenza in adults

The duration of incubation is approximately 1-2 days (possibly from several hours to 5 days). Then follows the period of acute clinical manifestations of the disease. The severity of uncomplicated illness is determined by the duration and severity of intoxication.

In the early days, a person who has become ill with the flu looks as if tearful, there is a marked reddening and puffiness of the face, shiny and reddish eyes with a “twinkle”. The mucous membrane of the sky, arches and walls of the pharynx are bright red.

Symptoms of influenza are:

• increase in temperature (usually 38-40 ° C), the appearance of chills, fever;
• myalgia;
• arthralgia;
• noise in ears;
• headache, dizziness;
• feeling tired, weak;
• adynamia;
• dry cough accompanied by pain in the chest.

Objective signs are the patient’s appearance:

• hyperemia of the face and conjunctiva of the eyes,
• sclerite,
• dryness of the skin.

High temperature and other manifestations of intoxication are usually maintained up to 5 days. If the temperature does not drop after 5 days, bacterial complications should be assumed.

Catarrhal phenomena last a little longer – up to 7-10 days. Following their vanishing, it is deemed that the patient has successfully recuperated. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that for a duration of approximately 2 to 3 weeks thereafter, there might be lingering repercussions stemming from the transmitted illness.

• weakness,
• irritability,
• headache,
• possibly insomnia.

In the absence of complications, the disease lasts 7-10 days. Over the course of this period, his symptoms slowly diminish, although a feeling of overall weakness may endure for a duration of up to fourteen days.

Can a person die from influenza?

Yes, it can happen, if you get complications. To avoid that watch carefully for the symptoms. Here are the symptoms of influenza requiring an ambulance:

• The temperature is 40 ºС and higher.
• Preservation of heat for more than 5 days.
• A profoundly intense headache that persists even with the administration of pain-relieving medication, particularly when it is concentrated in the back of the neck.
• Shortness of breath, frequent or abnormal breathing.
• Violation of consciousness – delusions or hallucinations, forgetfulness.
• Convulsions.
• Appearance of hemorrhagic rash on the skin.

If an individual experiences a straightforward progression of the flu, the duration of the fever can range from 2 to 4 days, and the illness typically resolves within a span of 5 to 10 days. After the disease for 2-3 weeks postinfection asthenia is possible, which manifests itself as general weakness, sleep disturbance, increased fatigue, irritability, headache and other symptoms.

Is influenza serious?

There are 2 degrees of severity of the flu.

Light degree

Accompanied by a slight increase in temperature, not exceeding 38 ° C, moderate headache and catarrhal symptoms. Objective signs of intoxication syndrome in the case of mild influenza is a pulse rate of less than 90 beats per minute with constant blood pressure. Respiratory disorders are not characteristic for mild degree.

The average temperature is 38-39 ° C, there are pronounced symptoms, intoxication.

Severe degree

The temperature is above 40 ° C, there may be cramps, nonsense, vomiting. The danger is the development of complications, such as brain edema, infectious-toxic shock, hemorrhagic syndrome.

Complications of influenza

When the virus attacked the body, the resistance of the immune system decreases, and the risk of complications (the process that develops against the background of the underlying disease) increases. And you can quickly get sick with the flu, but for a long time to suffer from its effects.

Influenza can be complicated by a variety of pathologies both in the early period (usually caused by an attached bacterial infection) and later. If an individual experiences a straightforward progression of the flu, the duration of the fever can range from 2 to 4 days, and the illness typically resolves within a span of 5 to 10 days.

Complications are:

• otitis, sinusitis (frontal sinusitis, maxillary sinusitis);
• bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy;
• meningitis, encephalitis;
• endocarditis, myocarditis.

Late complications of the flu typically arise when a bacterial infection becomes attached, necessitating the administration of antibiotics for effective treatment.

People prone to complications

Some categories of the population are more prone to severe complicated flu flow than others. Quite often this infection leads to severe consequences for such groups of people:

• older (over 55);
• infants (from 4 months to 4 years);
• people with chronic diseases of infectious nature (having chronic otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, etc.);
• having problems with your heart and lungs that make you feel sick or in pain.
• people with disabilities of the immune system;
• pregnant women.

The flu unfortunately affects all vital systems of the human body, which is why it is one of the most unpredictable diseases.

Diagnostics of influenza

When signs of influenza manifest, it becomes imperative to reach out to a pediatrician or therapist from the comfort of your own home. In the event of a severe condition, it is crucial to promptly summon an ambulance, which will transport the patient to an infectious hospital for appropriate treatment. As the disease progresses and complications arise, it becomes necessary to seek the advice and expertise of various specialists such as pulmonologists, ENT doctors, and other medical professionals.

Diagnosis of influenza is based on a typical clinical picture. In the case of a sharp rise in temperature, you need to seek medical help as soon as possible. Observation of a doctor for influenza is very important, because it will allow timely detection of the onset of possible bacterial complications.

• medical examination;
• anamnesis collection;
• general blood analysis.

Treatment of influenza

In adults, flu treatment, in most cases, is done at home. Only a severe course of the disease or the presence of one of the following dangerous symptoms requires hospitalization:

• temperature 40 ° C or more;
• vomiting;
• convulsions;
• dyspnea;
• arrhythmia;
• lowering of blood pressure.

Prolonged treatment or failure to follow the doctor’s recommendations often leads to complications.

As a rule, in the treatment of influenza are appointed:

• abundant drinking;
• antipyretics;
• means that support immunity;
• methods to alleviate symptoms of catarrh, such as nasal congestion, through vasoconstriction to improve breathing, as well as the use of antitussive agents.
• antihistamines with the threat of an allergic reaction.

In order to address the symptoms of fever, there are numerous antipyretics available in the market today. However, among the various options, paracetamol and ibuprofen, along with other medications derived from them, are generally considered to be the preferred choices. Antipyretics are indicated if the body temperature exceeds 38 ° C.

During the influenza period, it is crucial to increase fluid intake as it plays a vital role in efficiently eliminating toxins from the body, thereby easing the symptoms experienced by the patient.

The scheme of treatment of influenza in adults

The approach to treating influenza involves a series of steps aimed at alleviating the symptoms of the illness and eliminating the presence of viral cells in the body.

Antiviral

An antiviral is a substance or drug that is used to treat viral infections. It works by inhibiting the growth and replication of viruses in the body, helping to prevent the spread of the infection and reduce its severity.

So, you should take: Remantadine, Arbidol, Amiksin and Anaferon. Taking antiviral drugs with influenza will help not only to shorten the duration of the disease, but also to prevent the development of complications, therefore, in individuals with reduced immunity they should be used. Antiviral drugs are also used to treat complications.

Antihistamines

Specific antihistamines are prescribed for influenza, these are medicines used to treat allergies, as they reduce all signs of inflammation: mucosal edema and nasal congestion. Preparations related to the first generation of this group have a side effect such as drowsiness. Preparations of the next generation do not have a similar effect.

Antipyretic

To combat fever, use antipyretic drugs, which today are a great many, but it is preferable to use paracetamol and ibuprofen, as well as drugs made from these substances. Antipyretics are used when the temperature rises above 38.5 ° C.

Expectorants

Furthermore, it is advisable to consume expectorants when dealing with the influenza virus.

Drops

In order to alleviate symptoms such as a congested nasal passage, vasoconstrictors are employed as a means of treatment. These substances work by constricting the blood vessels in the nasal cavity, thereby reducing swelling and allowing for easier breathing.

Rinazoline

The drops should be taken three times a day, with one drop being administered in each nostril.

Gargling

In addition to the aforementioned remedies, it is also recommended to regularly rinse the throat using herbal decoctions, soda-salt solutions, and plenty of warm drinks. Taking ample rest and staying in bed can also aid in healing.

When it comes to the flu, just like any other acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI), there is typically no requirement for antibiotics to be prescribed. They are only recommended if there is a possibility that the inflammation in the airways is caused by bacteria.

To avoid the occurrence of complications, it is essential to consistently adhere to the prescribed treatment regimen, ensure sufficient rest during the acute phase, refrain from prematurely discontinuing medication, and diligently undergo all necessary treatment procedures.

Recommendations to you if you have influenza

In order to cure the flu at home, it is worth observing the truest truths:

• Bed rest is needed.
• Admission of antiviral drugs and other drugs to maintain immunity.
• It is preferable, whenever feasible, to ensure that the premises are ventilated on a daily basis. Additionally, it is advisable to clean the room using a wet method if possible. Furthermore, when dealing with a patient exhibiting flu symptoms, it is recommended to provide them with a warm environment by wrapping them up. Freezing room is not necessary, but regular airing should be done.
• It is necessary to drink plenty of fluids. About 2-3 liters a day. Compotes, fruit drinks, tea with lemon, fruit will be the best assistant.
• To prevent the development of complications in the cardiovascular and nervous systems, maximum rest is necessary, any intellectual load is contraindicated.
• During the period of illness and the subsequent few weeks, it is crucial to prioritize your health by taking meticulous care and ensuring the regular intake of vitamin-mineral supplements and consuming foods rich in vitamins.

Nutrition and Diet

Having a proper diet is essential in order to quickly recover from influenza. It is necessary to follow a specific eating plan that promotes healing and boosts the immune system in order to effectively combat the virus. However, do not be afraid at seeing this word. To starve yourself with flu will not have to. The list of foods that are better to eat about the time of illness is very extensive.

• Herbal medicinal herbs;
• Fresh fruit juice;
• Warm broth, especially useful chicken broth;
• Baked fish or not fatty meat;
• Light vegetable soups;
• Dairy products;
• Nuts and seeds;
• Beans;
• Eggs;
• Citrus.

In the realm of influenza nutrition, it is important to not only focus on the foods that are beneficial but also to be aware of the ones that should be avoided.

• fatty and heavy food;
• sausages and smoked products;
• confectionery;
• canned food;
• coffee and cocoa.

Sample menu:

1. Early breakfast: semolina porridge on milk, green tea with lemon.
2. The meal that comes after the first breakfast is commonly referred to as the second breakfast. It typically consists of a soft-boiled egg and a warm, flavorful broth infused with the cinnamon and rose.
3. Lunch: vegetable soup-puree on meat broth, steamed meat balls, rice porridge, compote rubbed.
4. Afternoon snack: apple baked with honey.
5. Dinner: steamed fish, mashed potatoes, fruit juice diluted with water.

Before going to bed: sour milk or other sour-milk drinks.

What can you drink if you have influenza?

It is recommended to consume a minimum of 2 liters of fluids daily, consistently and at regular intervals, even if you do not feel thirsty. As a drink, tea, decoction of rose hips, tea with lemon or raspberry, herbal teas (chamomile, linden, oregano), compote from dried fruits are good for drinking. It is desirable that the temperature of all drinks is about 37-39 ° C – so the liquid will be absorbed faster and help the body.

Folk remedies for influenza

Folk remedies in the treatment of influenza are used to restore the immunity of the patient, to supply his body with vitamins and medicinal extracts that promote recovery.

However, the most significant impact can be attained by integrating the utilization of traditional folk remedies with the administration of pharmaceutical medications.

To make this calming drink, first pour a lot of milk into a pot. Then, measure a little bit of ginger, red pepper, and turmeric, and mix them into the milk. Slowly make it hotter until the mixture starts bubbling gently, then keep it on low heat for a little bit (1 to 2 minutes) so that all the flavors can mix together. After the time is up, take the saucepan off the stove and let it cool down a little bit, so everything inside can calm down. Now, we’re going to put in some butter, which will make the mixture taste really good and smooth. We’ll let it melt and mix in. To make it a little sweet, we’ll add a small spoonful of honey. This will make it taste even better. Now, our special drink is all done and ready to be enjoyed.

To make a tea using linden petals, start by taking one teaspoon of dried linden flowers and small calyx fruits. Place them in a cup and pour half a liter of boiling water over them. Allow the mixture to steep for a duration of one hour. After the hour has passed, strain the tea to remove any remaining solids. Now, you can enjoy this tea by consuming half a glass of it two times each day.

The most active agent for influenza is black currant in all kinds, with hot water and sugar (up to 4 glasses per day).

Even in winter, you can prepare a decoction of currant sprigs). It is necessary to break small twigs and brew them a full handful of four glasses of water. Boil a minute, and then soar for 4 hours. Drink at night in bed in a very warm form 2 cups with sugar. Carry out such treatment twice.

You will need 40 grams of raspberries, 40 grams of mother-and-stepmother leaves, 20 grams of oregano, and 2 cups of boiling water. Collect the grind and mix. Take 2 tbsp. l. of the mixture, pour boiling water in the thermos, insist 1 hour, strain. Drink infusion warm 100 ml 4 times a day for 30 minutes before meals.

With a cold, bury in the nose fresh aloe juice (a century) with 3-5 drops in each nostril. After instillation, massage the wings of the nose.

Vaccination for influenza

Vaccination against influenza is a method of preventing infection. It is shown to everyone, especially risk groups – the elderly, children, pregnant women, people of social professions.

Vaccination is conducted annually, before the epidemic season begins, from September to October, to form a stable immunity at the time of the epidemic. Constant vaccination increases the effectiveness of protection and the production of antibodies to influenza.

Vaccinations are particularly desirable for:

• small children (up to 7 years);
• people of advanced age (after 65);
• pregnant women;
• patients with chronic diseases, weakened immunity;
• medical workers.

How to prevent influenza?

In order not to get sick with the flu, try to strengthen your body throughout the year. By following these rules, you can protect yourself from getting the flu and keep your body strong and healthy.

Prevention in the first place should be to ensure that you do not give the flu virus to get into your body. For this, as soon as you come home from the street, be sure to wash your hands with soap, and it is recommended to wash your hands almost to the elbows.

Very useful for the prevention of influenza in children and adults will be the washing of the nose. Washing can be carried out with a warm salt solution of water, or with a special spray.

Before eating, which was previously on the counter, be sure to rinse it well under the running water.

To maintain normal immunity, you should:

• It is full, and most importantly, to eat right: in food should contain a sufficient amount of carbohydrates of fats, proteins and vitamins. In the cold season, when the diet significantly reduces the amount of fruit and vegetables consumed, additional vitamins are needed.
• Do regular physical exercise outdoors.
• Avoid all kinds of stress.
• Quit smoking, because smoking significantly reduces immunity.

Summarizing, we remind that influenza is an infectious, infectious disease that can lead to various complications. The likelihood of infection increases in autumn and winter.